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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Krestyanovedenie</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Крестьяноведение</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Peasant Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2500-1809</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2949-2564</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ADGDWI</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Научная статья</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Коллективизация и социалистическое сельское хозяйство (1917-1992): пересмотр советского и восточно-европейского опыта. Часть 1: советская коллективизация при Сталине (1925-1953)</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Collectivization and socialist agriculture (1917- 1992): Revised comparison of the Soviet and East-European experience. Part I. Soviet collectivization under Stalin (1925-1953)</trans-title></trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мерль</surname>
              <given-names>Штефан</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Merl</surname>
              <given-names>Stephan</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы</institution>
          <country>RU</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>10</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>6</fpage>
      <lpage>36</lpage>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Работы о коллективизации в Восточной Европе предлагают устаревшее объяснение ее советской версии в духе сталинских определений, а исследования советской коллективизации игнорируют альтернативные возможности, которые существовали в странах с преобладанием мелких крестьянских хозяйств для форсированной индустриализации. Прежде чем рассматривать коллективизацию и социалистическую аграрную политику в Восточной Европе, автор анализирует сталинскую модель коллективизации, акцентируя внимание читателя на методологических принципах своего подхода и его центральных понятиях. Затем автор переходит к сложностям сопоставления коллективизации и социалистической аграрной политики в послевоенный период в Советском Союзе и Восточной Европе, чтобы обосновать следующие исследовательские вопросы: была ли форсированная коллективизация полезна или вредна для индустриализации; была ли сталинская модель коллективизации в принципе нацелена на модернизацию аграрного сектора; почему после ликвидации частных хозяйств в ходе коллективизации при Сталине и Хрущеве, с конца 1970-х годов практически во всех социалистических странах государство возобновило поддержку малого сельскохозяйственного производства. Автор не только акцентирует внимание на поворотных пунктах советской аграрной политики, но и дает ей обобщенные характеристики, выделяя в ней следующие этапы на основе принципиально разных политических подходов: (1) коллективизация при Сталине - классовая война и порабощение крестьян как идеологические инструменты изъятия капитала из сельского хозяйства на нужды промышленности; (2) коллективизация при Хрущеве, стремящемся ее завершить, несмотря на первые сомнения в ее необходимости (в 1953 году в Советском Союзе и в 1957 году в ГДР и Венгрии); (3) попытки стабилизировать экономически слабые колхозы в 1960-е годы - после завершения коллективизации и смещения Хрущева; (4) последняя попытка модернизации сельского хозяйства посредством различных концепций индустриализации в 1970-е годы в надежде на экономию за счет масштаба; (5) провал этих концепций, что породило ловушку стоимости и привело к восстановлению малого сельского хозяйства в 1980-е годы. Заключительная часть статьи суммирует достижения и провалы социалистической аграрной политики по ее результатам в 1990-е годы. В первой части статьи показано, как в 1929 году Сталин устранил задачу модернизации из программы коллективизации, что превратило последнюю в самоцель и инструмент перекачки ресурсов из аграрного сектора в промышленный. Сталин не доверял крестьянам и не верил в их способность наращивать производство, поэтому колхозники были превращены в подневольных работников с ограниченными гражданскими правами. Даже механизация была призвана обеспечить государственный контроль и потому препятствовала росту урожайности.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Literature on collectivization in Eastern Europe presents an outdated picture of Soviet collectivization close to Stalin’s interpretation, and literature on Soviet collectivization ignores alternative policies to promote forced industrialization in countries with predominantly small-scale peasant farms. Before discussing collectivization and socialist agricultural policy in Eastern Europe, the author examines collectivization in the Soviet Union under Stalin, combining this analysis with some methodological reflections on the approach and central terms applied. Then the author focuses on the entangled comparison of collectivization and socialist agricultural policy after the World War II in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to thoroughly reassess this policy by answering the following key questions for the assessment of socialist agricultural policy: whether enforced collectivization was necessary or harmful for industrialization; whether Stalin’s collectivization aimed at modernization of the agrarian sector at all; why socialist agricultural policy, after liquidation of private farms during collectivization under Stalin and Khrushchev, since the late 1970s in almost all socialist countries returned to supporting private small agricultural production. In addition to focusing on the decisive turning points of the agricultural policy, the author keeps the whole period in view, distinguishing the following phases with basically different political approaches: (1) collectivization under Stalin as based on class war and peasant subjugation to transfer capital from agriculture to industry; (2) collectivization under Khrushchev striving to complete it, although this policy was basically put in question (in 1953 in the Soviet Union and in 1957 in the GDR and Hungary); (3) efforts to stabilize the economically weak collective farms in the 1960s after finishing collectivization and replacing Khrushchev; (4) the final turn to modernization of agriculture expecting economies of scale through different concepts of industrialization in the 1970s; (5) the failure of these concepts causing a cost trap and enforcing the rehabilitation of small-scale private agriculture in the 1980s. The first part of the article shows how Stalin in 1929 turned collectivization away from modernization goals, which made collectivization an end in itself, enforcing the diversion of resources from agriculture to industrialization. Stalin did not trust the peasants and ignored their great capacities of increasing production, which made members of collective farms forced laborers with limited civil rights. Mechanization ensured primarily state control over agriculture and prevented an increase in yields.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>collectivization of agriculture</kwd>
        <kwd>Stalin</kwd>
        <kwd>Khrushchev</kwd>
        <kwd>socialist agriculture</kwd>
        <kwd>mechanization</kwd>
        <kwd>kolkhoz system</kwd>
        <kwd>industrialization of agriculture</kwd>
        <kwd>modernization</kwd>
        <kwd>Soviet Union</kwd>
        <kwd>eastern Europe</kwd>
        <kwd>small peasant farms</kwd>
        <kwd>Chayanov</kwd>
        <kwd>economies of scale</kwd>
        <kwd>private plots</kwd>
        <kwd>social differentiation</kwd>
        <kwd>exploitation</kwd>
        <kwd>myth of infallibility</kwd>
        <kwd>Litsom k derevne</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>коллективизация сельского хозяйства</kwd>
        <kwd>сталин</kwd>
        <kwd>хрущев</kwd>
        <kwd>социалистическое сельское хозяйство</kwd>
        <kwd>механизация</kwd>
        <kwd>колхозная система</kwd>
        <kwd>индустриализация сельского хозяйства</kwd>
        <kwd>модернизация</kwd>
        <kwd>Советский Союз</kwd>
        <kwd>восточная Европа</kwd>
        <kwd>малые крестьянские хозяйства</kwd>
        <kwd>Чаянов</kwd>
        <kwd>экономия за счет масштаба</kwd>
        <kwd>частные земельные наделы</kwd>
        <kwd>социальная дифференциация</kwd>
        <kwd>эксплуатация</kwd>
        <kwd>миф о непогрешимости</kwd>
        <kwd>политика "лицом к деревне"</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Полнотекстовая версия статьи готовится к публикации.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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