Eremin S.V. Educational inequality in rural areas // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №3. P. 124-134.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-3-124-134
Annotation
On the example of the Samara Region, the author considers the impact of the optimization of the rural educational network on disparities in the quality of education in rural areas. The article presents the results of the comparative analysis of teachers’ work in urban and rural schools and in teaching different subjects (including not corresponding to the teacher’s specialty). The author analyzes the possible ways to assess the impact of optimization of the rural educational network structure on the quality of children’s education based on the results of the main state exam and the single state exam by type of optimization: reorganization of small schools (independent legal entities) into branches of another school, changes in the level of educational program (when high school turns into secondary one, and secondary school turns into primary one), transportation of children to a larger school, etc.
Keywords
Optimization of the rural educational network, quality of education, educational center, Samara Region.
About the author
Eremin Sergey V., Deputy Head of the Institute of Secondary Vocational Education named after K.D. Ushinsky, Moscow City University, 115230 Moscow, Varshavskoe Sh., 44A.
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Savoskul M.S., Alekseev A.I. Trajectories of transformation of one unpromising village (on the example of the village Kuzreka in the Tersk district of the Murmansk Region) // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №3. P. 111-123.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-3-111-123
Annotation
The Kuzreka village was founded in the 1580s on the shores of the White Sea as a ‘fishing place’ of the Solovetsky Monastery (salmon and herring), and had performed this function for over 350 years. In the 1930s, the economic growth of the village began: a timber industry enterprise and a fishing collective farm were established, school and other social facilities were built. In the late 1960s, both enterprises were closed, the village was named ‘unpromising’, and in the late 1970s, it lost the status of settlement, i.e., legally ‘does not exist’. However (due to the inertia), since the 2000s, the village has turned into a seasonally inhabited settlement (up to 1000 people gathered for the Pomor Roe Holiday before the pandemic). The authors consider the factors of the Kuzreka village transformations in different periods: first, natural resources and geographical location were the main factors, then industrial enterprises became the factor of growth (and decline). Today, the initial factors (nature and geographical location) again play the major role in attracting urban residents from the Murmansk Region and other regions of Russia for summer.
Keywords
Monographic rural studies, village transformations, unpromising village, village transformation factors, functions of settlement, Tersky Bereg.
About the authors
Savoskul Maria S., DSc (Geography), Head of the Department of Economic and Social Geography of Russia, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1.
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Alekseev Alexander I., DSc (Geography), Professor, Department of Economic and Social Geography of Russia, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1.
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Post-Soviet transformation of forest settlements in the north of the Non-Black Earth Region
Nov 19 2021Averkieva K.V. Post-Soviet transformation of forest settlements in the north of the Non-Black Earth Region // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №3. P. 90-110.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-3-90-110
Annotation
The article considers forest settlements—the former centers of timber industry—in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk Regions during the Soviet period. They represent a special type of mono-specialized rural settlements which in a short period turned from the local growth points and centers of attraction into depopulating settlements with shrinking labor markets and social infrastructure. The article is based on field studies conducted in three municipal districts of the Vologda and Arkhangelsk Regions (grassroots statistics and analytical materials, in-depth interviews with local residents, representatives of local governments and municipal authorities). The outflow of population from logging stations is determined, on the one hand, by the collapse of timber industry and institutional restructuring of logging industry; on the other, by modernization of logging which no longer needs permanently inhabited settlements. Due to the higher population density of forest settlements (compared to small rural settlements in the Non-Black Earth Region), their population losses in the past twenty years affect the general migration dynamics of municipal districts. Unlike historical settlements, the geographic location of forest settlements (often remote from transport networks) and the deplorable state of housing do not leave them hopes for at least seasonal redevelopment or new functions. The current state of forest settlements depends on a set of factors: geographical location, type of development, type of community, readiness of residents to self-organize, and so on.
Keywords
Forest settlement, logging settlement, rural settlement system, logging, NonBlack Earth Region, Vologda Region.
About the author
Averkieva Kseniya V., PhD (Geography), Senior Researcher, Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 119017 Moscow, Staromonetny Per., 29, bldg. 4.
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Migrations as the main factor in the transformation of the settlement system of the Crimean Peninsula
Aug 07 2021Gusakov T.Yu. Migrations as the main factor in the transformation of the settlement system of the Crimean Peninsula // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №2. P. 99-120.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-2-99-120
Annotation
For centuries, people have been moving from place to place for a variety of reasons, which created both permanent and temporary population of the entire habitable space. Due to these migrations, settlements appear and disappear —auls, villages, towns, cities, megapolises, etc. Moreover, migrations create a settlement system of a certain territory, which is gradually transforming. And since each territory has its own features of the social-economic development, the patterns of settlement systems also differ by region. The article considers the evolution of the settlement system of the Crimean Peninsula under the influence of migrations. The settlement systems are compared and analyzed based on the models of the settlement network for different years, which allows to assess the impact of migrations at different stages of the historical development. Over the past 250 years, the settlement system of the Crimean Peninsula has undergone significant changes: from small settlements with foci of animal husbandry—to the medium-sized and in some places large settlements. The author identifies the main stages in the transformation of the settlement network of the Crimean Peninsula and analyzes the development trajectories of some types of settlements.
Keywords
Geography of rural areas, migrations, rural areas, resettlement, rural resettlement, settlement network, geo-information systems.
About the author
Gusakov Timur Yu., Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies and Center for Prospective Sociological Research, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; PhD Student, Geographical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119571, Moscow, Vernadskogo Prosp., 82.
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Territorial public self-government in contemporary Buryatia: Factors of sustainable development
Aug 07 2021Breslavsky A.S. Territorial public self-government in contemporary Buryatia: Factors of sustainable development // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №2. P. 79-98.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-2-79-98
Annotation
The author presents the main quantitative and qualitative results of the territorial public self-government (TPSG) development in the Republic of Buryatia. In 2020, Buryatia took the second place in the number of TPSG in Russia due to the efforts of regional and municipal authorities and to the grassroot initiatives. In the 2010s, the extensive measures of material, organizational and methodological support for TPSG were implemented. In 2018, the regional law on TPSG support was adopted, the TPSG Support Resource Center has been operating since 2019, the Best TPSG competition has been held annually since 2012, and the number of its participants was more than 1000 in 2020. The total number of TPSGs in Buryatia increased from 18 to 2265 in the 2010s. They implement projects in landscaping, construction and repair of social-cultural and engineering facilities, organize sport, cultural and other events. According to the results of the research conducted in February-March 2021 (interviews, collection and analysis of 420 forms on TPSG practices in municipal and urban districts), Buryatia needs a number of organizational measures for the sustainable development of TPSG system in the near future, a strategy for the mid-term development of TPSGs, measures to ensure the social potential of TPSGs in local settlements, scientific and managerial monitoring of the TPSG system, a data archive, development of TPSGs as NGOs, LLCs and other forms, creation and support of a network of TPSG associations in municipal and urban districts, reduction of disparities in the development of urban and rural TPSGs networks, development of TPSGs and business partnerships, and so on.
Keywords
Territorial public self-government, Russia, Republic of Buryatia, local selfgovernment, civil initiatives.
About the author
Breslavsky Anatoly S., PhD (History), Senior Researcher, Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 670047, Ulan-Ude, Sakhyanovoy St., 6.
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Kuznetsova E.V. Life cycles of ecovillages . // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №1. P. 170-179.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-1-170-179
Annotation
Ecovillages are forms of the ideological community that aims at providing a group of people with an environmentally friendly space for living together. Some kind of the contemporary estate is the most widespread type of ecovillages in Russia. The author considers the key factors affecting the development of such ecovillages and its main stages. The study confirmed the author’s assumption about the certain stages in the ecovillage development and about the factors of its success. In general, villagers have to follow several rules that ensure the successful group dynamics. First, to select members of the settlement very carefully, because this choice has an important impact not only on the economy (experienced settlers understand what resources a person lacks for the development of his estate) but also on communications. Second, to formalize the economic interaction as fast as possible: to ensure a clear process of voting for initiatives and to choose an initiative group responsible for fundraising. Third, to be ready for disappointments and departures of members whose expectations were not met. Fourth, at the first stages of the ecovillage development, to try to implement as many projects as possible in order to unite people and form mini-groups for the comfortable interaction of ecovillagers.
Keywords
Ecovillages, settlements of estates, anastasians, social structure of rural communities, local communities, ruralization, rural life, group dynamics, psychology.
About the author
Kuznetsova Elizaveta V., Analyst, Design-Training Laboratory for Municipal Administration, National Research University Higher School of Economics. 101000, Moscow, Myasnitskaya St., 20.
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Discussion of the presentation of T.G. Nefedova “Polarization of the social-economic space and prospects of rural areas in the old-developed regions of Central Russia” // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №1. P. 154-169.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-1-154-169
Annotation
On March 11, 2021, at the joint seminar of the Center for Agrarian Studies of the RANEPA and the Chayanov Research Center of the MSSES, the researchers discussed the presentation of Tatyana Nefedova, DSc (Geography), the Chief Researcher of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the polarization of the Russian social-economic space and the prospects of rural areas in the old-developed regions of Central Russia. Geographers, sociologists and economists discussed the driving forces of the contemporary rural development in Russia, the relationship of the Soviet agrarian heritage with the new trends in the transformation of rural areas, the role of various rural-urban strata—migrant workers, summer residents and villagers—in the preservation and possible redevelopment of the countryside. The participants considered the key concepts of the presentation: polarization, reduction of rural areas, features of their previous development, regional and local examples of the mostly depressive but sometimes sustainable ways of rural development. Some participants focused on the latest trends of rural development (2020–2021) as determined by the impact of the pandemic on both the city and the countryside; discussed the meaning and directions of rural-urban migrations both in Russia and from neighboring countries to Russia; emphasized the role of the subjective factor (strong leaders) in the local sustainable rural development. The participants admitted that, under the increasing state and market centralization of resources accompanied by the so-called optimization of rural social infrastructure (in fact many rural schools, hospitals and cultural institutions were just closed) and given the weak and ineffective rural municipal self-government, there are growing negative trends of the strengthening depression in rural areas of Central Russia. However, the old-developed rural regions have the historical-cultural potential for a new rural development.
Keywords
Polarization, differentiation, center, periphery, depression, regionalization, old-developed regions, culture.
About the authors
Averkieva Kseniya V., PhD (Geography), Senior Researcher, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny Per., 29, Moscow, 119017.
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Glezer Olga B., PhD (Geography), Senior Researcher, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences; 119017, Moscow, Staromonetny per., 29.
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Nefedova Tatyana G., DSc (Geography), Chief Researcher, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences; 119017, Moscow, Staromonetny per., 29.
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Nikulin Alexander M., PhD (Economics), Head of the Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; 119571, Moscow, Vernadskogo Prosp, 82.
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Pokrovsky Nikita E., DSc (Sociology), Chief Researcher, Institute of Sociology, FCTAS RAS; Professor, National Research University Higher School of Economics; 101000, Moscow, Myasnitskaya St., 20.
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Pugacheva Marina G., Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; 119571, Moscow, Vernadskogo Prosp, 82.
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Smirnov Sergey N., DSc (Economics), Head of the Center for Analysis of Social Programs and Risks, Institute for Social Policy, National Research University Higher School of Economics; 101000 Myasnitskaya St., 20, Moscow,
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Treivish Andrei I., DSc (Geography), Chief Researcher, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences; 119017, Moscow, Staromonetny per., 29.
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Nefedova T.G. Polarization of the social-economic space and prospects of rural areas in the old-developed regions of Central Russia // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2021. V.6. №1. P. 126-153.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-1-126-153
Annotation
The article is based on the presentation made on March 11, 2021 at the scientific seminar of the Chayanov Research Center and the Center for Agrarian Studies of the RANEPA. The presentation summarized publications based on the research supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-17-00174 “Development of the old-developed regions under the social-economic polarization and the reduction of the developed space of European Russia”). The research aimed at identifying challenges and consequences of the Russian spatial polarization for rural areas at different levels – from regional to local – on the example of Central Russia (including the Moscow Region and its neighboring regions). The author considers features of rural areas in Central Russia, describes trends of their development and consequences of the longterm rural depopulation which was especially strong around the Moscow Region. The author focuses on different types of migration (interregional, intraregional and international) and their reasons; identifies centers of the contemporary population concentration; describes the transformation of agriculture in these regions, its organizational and spatial changes, the main trends in the decline and revival of agricultural production and its impact on rural settlement; proves that the polarization of rural areas affects all levels – regions, municipal districts and settlements. The article is based on the integrated approach that considers rural areas in their interaction with cities: the influence of urban investments on the development of rural areas, the increasing concentration of the rural population in the suburbs, the role of summer residents in the redevelopment of rural areas and in the preservation of rural settlements. Finally, the author assesses the consequences of the authorities’ decisions for rural areas.
Keywords
Old-developed regions, cities, rural areas, agriculture, population migration, land use, summer residents.
About the author
Nefedova Tatyana G., DSc (Geography), Chief Researcher, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences. 119017, Moscow, Staromonetny per., 29.
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Efendieva T.Zh. Innovations in rural schools of Kabardino-Balkaria // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2020. V.5. №4. P. 180-183.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2020-5-4-180-183
Annotation
The article considers problems of rural schools in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (insufficient infrastructure, unstable Internet access, social-cultural isolation, remoteness from the center, lack of cultural institutions and additional education, lack of qualified teachers) and attempts to solve them with the help of the national project “Education”. Thus, the project promises primarily digitalization of education and improvement of the infrastructure of rural schools by creating centers for humanitarian and digital development.
Keywords
rural schools, digitalization, national project “Education”, innovations in education, Kabardino-Balkaria
About the author
Efendieva Tareza Zh., PhD student, Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after Kh.M. Berbekov; head of the Department of Education and Youth Policy of the Cherek municipal district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. 361801, Kabardino-Balkaria, Chereksky district, Kashkhatau, Mechiev St., 108.
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Bozhkov O.B., Trotsuk I.V. Post-Soviet farmers’ international in the agriculture of the North-West Region // The Russian Peasant Studies. 2020. V.5. №4. P. 162-179.
DOI: 10.22394/2500-1809-2020-5-4-162-179
Annotation
The article presents the life trajectories of representatives of those national groups that became active rural entrepreneurs in the North-West Region of Russia at different times. Unfortunately, we have not yet considered the national-ethnic aspect of rural entrepreneurship in our research projects (see, e.g.: Bozhkov, 2019; Bozhkov, Ignatova, 2015; 2017; Bozhkov, Trotsuk, 2018; Ignatova, 2016). The article focuses on various problems that the migrants from different former republics of the Soviet Union face in the zones of risky Russian agriculture. The empirical basis of the article is the data (transcripts of interviews and field observations) of sociological expeditions supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in 2005–2008 and 2018–2019. The four ‘cases’ confirm the hypothesis that, regardless of the migration-generational trajectory and activities in the Russian countryside, all entrepreneurs face the same problems (labor shortage, abandoned production facilities and dilapidated social infrastructure, expensive loans and harsh tax and administrative pressure ‘from above’—despite the declarative-nominal support of the state, the general atmosphere of social distrust, the lack of traditions and skills of real cooperation, and so on). There is some specificity of such problems; however, it is determined not by the national-ethnic factor, but rather by the reaction of the traditional rural community to ‘outsiders’ who bring their own rules and disrupt the routine of local life (with its unemployment, impoverishment, desolation and alcoholism).
Keywords
migration, nationality, rural entrepreneurs, northern Non-Black-Earth Region, local communities, cooperation, government support
About the authors
Bozhkov Oleg B., Senior Researcher, Sociological Institute — a branch of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 7th Krasnoarmeyskaya St., 25/14, Saint Petersburg, 190005.
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Trotsuk Irina V., DSc (Sociology), Professor, Sociology Chair, RUDN University; Senior Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Prosp. Vernadskogo, 82, Moscow, Russia, 119571.
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Russian Peasant Studies. Scientific journal
Center for Agrarian studies of the Russian Presidental Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)
- Publisher: Delo Publishing, RANEPA
- Editor-in-Chief: Nikulin Alexander
- ISSN 2500-1809 (Print), ISSN 2949-2564 (Online)
- Founded in 2016
- Frequency: four issues per year (March, Jun, September, December)
- Open Access: All volumes and articles can be downloaded for free in the PDF format.
- Author fees: free of chagre
- Indexation: Russian Science Citation Index, Russian Science Citation Index Core, List of Journals approved by Russian Hihger Attestation committee (Ministry for Sciende and Education), Scopus, UlrichWeb Global Serials Directory, European reference index for the Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIHPLUS), CNKI scholar, Sherpa Romeo , AGRIS
- Russian registration number: PI FS77-65824 27-May-2016
Hard copies of the journal can be purchased at the Delo e-store or by subscription in the "Press of Russia" Agency (subscription index - Т81017).
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